How Thick Metal Pipes Are Born ???? - Video

A glowing orange block pulled out of the furnace, a press driving a solid cylindrical punch down again and again, and in seconds it goes straight through the middle, turning the solid block into a thick-walled tube. ????

This is hot piercing, a forging process. Steel is heated well above the temperature where it can be reshaped without cracking: most common carbon steels are forged between roughly 950°C and 1,250°C. At those temperatures the metal's crystal grains can reform as it deforms, so it flows almost like very stiff clay instead of snapping. ⚙️

The force involved is huge. Blacksmiths typically recommend forging presses of at least 20 tons, roughly 200,000 newtons, and industrial presses go far beyond that. The punch doesn't cut anything away: it pushes the metal aside, forcing it to flow outward and up around the punch, which is why the walls end up thick and solid. Because the metal is squeezed rather than cut, its internal grain structure follows the shape of the part, which generally makes forged parts tougher than parts machined out of a solid bar. ????

Pieces made this way become thick pipes, rings, flanges and pressure vessels, parts that have to survive huge loads without failing.

In This Video:
• A glowing steel block pierced by a forging press
• Forging temperatures of roughly 950-1,250°C for common steels
• At least about 20 tons, roughly 200,000 N, of force ????

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